Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder - 1935 Words

Introduction For children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developing language was taken as a major goal (Lim Draper, 2011; Lim, 2009; Paul, 2008; Prinzant Wetherby, 2005; Sundberg Michael, 2001) and music as a part of therapy was an accepted approach (Lim Draper, 2011; Lim, 2010a; Adamek, Thaut Furman, 2008; Kaplan Steele, 2005; Buday 1995; Hoskins, 1998). Language was taken as behaviour; which was shaped via reinforcement (Barbera, 2007) and Applied Behaviour Analysis Verbal Behaviour (ABA VB) was used as a primary tool to enable a child to do so (Barbera, 2007; Sturmey Fitzer, 2007). Verbal behaviour was broken into the following categories: mand (verbal operant [VO] controlled by a motivational variable such as deprivation or satisfaction where a request was made), tact (VO controlled by a non-verbal stimulus such as a picture where it was successfully labelled), echoic (VO of imitation) and intraverbal (VO controlled by verbal stimuli for conversation). Each VO was taken to have its own independent functional control (Sundberg Michael, 2001), which is very important for pre-verbal children with language impairments who require training (Skinner, 1957; Sundberg Michael, 2001). ABA VB exclusively utilised functional analysis of verbal behaviour (Lim Draper, 2011; Barbera, 2007; Sundberg Michael, 2001; Sundberg Partington, 1998; Sturmey Fitzer, 2007). Music has been used as a primary tool in ABA VB for communication treatment for people withShow MoreRelatedChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1502 Words   |  7 Pagesby a disorder that affects the very things we need to fit in to society. The ability to be able to fit in, communicate and behave in proper ways, allows us to function, work and survive in life. For many children and adults, they live with a disorder that dictates these behaviors and language skills to be very different from the average American. These skills they are challenged with, make it very difficult to live independently. The disorder these individuals live with is called Autism SpectrumRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1125 Words   |  5 PagesIn the last decade, the rate of autism has experienced a dramatic increase (Gerber 1). There used to be a speculation of an apparent correlation between the numbers of vaccines children receive and the increase of autism. A predominant controversy r egarding vaccinations was whether or not one of the side effects of vaccines is Autism Spectrum Disorder. The probability of vaccines in children resulting in autism was challenged by various researchers from around the world has proven to be untrue (GerberRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay2241 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder have received little Research attention historically, with most family studies focusing on either the child with the illness/disorder or the parents. More recently, research has identified that these children may need support in their own right, yet little published research is reported to inform this support. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the extent to which siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder facing psychosocialRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder993 Words   |  4 PagesNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Autism is defined as a spectrum disorder (ASD). It refers to a wide range of complex neurodevelopment conditions characterized by repetitive and distinctive patterns of behavior and difficulties with social skills, communication, and interaction. The symptoms start from early childhood and affect daily functioning. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC) approximates ASD’s prevalence as 1 in 68 children in the United States.  The DiagnosticRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder949 Words   |  4 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is a frightening diagnosis for most families that can bring with it fears of an uncertain future. Support for children with autism and their families is essential because it isn t something that children will just grow out of. It is a life-long condition, but the right treatment, support and care can create a positive outcome for everyone concerned. Diagnosis Early diagnosis is the most important thing you can do to help your child, as it is the first step in understandingRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1796 Words   |  8 PagesParenting Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Doctors diagnose one in sixty-eight children with Autism Spectrum Disorder every day. Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that affects children’s social skills, communication skills, and their behavior. The symptoms of ASD range from moderate to severe and vary from each child. Raising typical children is difficult, but raising children with disabilities adds to the stress of parenting. There is a strain on parents who have children withRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder869 Words   |  4 Pageswith children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) experiences more stress than the typical family without a children with ASD. A previous research study by Baker-Ericzen, Brookman-Frazee Stahmer(2005, p. 194) supports this statement, â€Å"Both parents of children with ASD report higher levels of both parent and child related stress juxtaposed with parents of typically developing toddlers†. In order to comprehend the information of the study, one must understand what autism spectrum disorder is. AutismRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder853 Words   |  4 Pageswise) (Green, S., Davis, C., Karshmer, E., Marsh, P., Straight, B, 2005) Autism spectrum disorder pose greater threat to the family because of many reasons like the child with autism spectrum disorder is likely to be accompanied by disruptive antisocial behaviour. Second for the parents the process of make an accurate diagnosis and obtaining treatment is often a frustrating experience. Third after the diagnoses of the disorder the proper access to the services available for the child and family isRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1493 Words   |  6 Pagestwo million individuals are affected by autism in the United States and it is one of the fastest growing disorders but with very much research being put behind it. Autism can tend to be one of the most confusing and stressful disorders but yet it is still able to be coped with lots of patience. Imagine being put down or not given an opportunity deserved because of something that is out of one’s control, more specifically children with autism spectrum disorder. Parents have a huge rol e in preparingRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder2302 Words   |  10 Pagesof all children. Children play for many reasons including learning, exercise, stimulation, and for pure entertainment. They are learning and exploring the world around them by testing out ideas and just having fun playing with simple objects. However, like language, play is a skill that develops in stages. As a child gradually learns to understand the world around him or her, they begin to play and learn by engaging in exploratory and manipulative play. This is no different for children with

Isokinetic Muscle Strength In Patients Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The intent of this survey was to measure the lower appendage isokinetic musculus strength, to find affected musculus groups and their dependance on motion speed, and to happen out the relationship between musculus strength and clinical badness, every bit good as musculus strength and falls, in Parkinson ‘s disease ( PD ) . Twenty-five patients diagnosed with PD and 24 healthy voluntaries were enrolled in this survey. The lower appendage musculus strength was evaluated with an isokinetic ergometer. We will write a custom essay sample on Isokinetic Muscle Strength In Patients Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Clinical position was examined in conformity with the Unified Parkinson ‘s Disease Rating Scale ; autumn history was besides recorded. We have observed that there was a important lessening in isokinetic musculus strength in the patient group, particularly in both of the hip and articulatio genus flexors and extensors. It has been found that reduced musculus strength was independent of speed, and correlated with clinical badness and falls. In decision, motion velocity-independent lower appendage isokinetic musculus failing has been observed in patients with PD, particularly in the articulatio genus and hip articulations. Therefore, the rating of isokinetic musculus strength may be a utile tool for the appraisal of clinical badness and falls in PD. Keywords: Parkinson ‘s disease ; Isokinetic ; Muscle strength ; Lower appendage 1. Introduction Parkinson ‘s disease ( PD ) is a common neurodegenerative status in which patients typically experience troubles such as awkwardness of motions ( bradykinesia ) , stiffness of the musculuss ( rigidness ) , shudder, balance perturbations, and progressive lessening in motor functions.1-3 When combined with multiple other factors, decreased musculus strength can take to falls among aged patients, doing breaks, joint disruptions, terrible soft tissue lesions, and caput trauma.4,5 As a back uping fact, the autumn rate is higher among those with PD compared to healthy aged persons, harmonizing to the clinical image of the disease.4,6 Muscle failing is one of the chief symptoms of PD.7 In recent clinical tests, decreased musculus strength has been observed in patients with PD.8-12 Kakinuma et al.12 measured the isokinetic musculus strength on articulatio genus extension and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exion, and they observed isokinetic strength decrease on the side that is more greatly affected by PD. In another survey, Nallegowda et al.9 tested the bole, hip, and ankle flexor and extensor musculuss ‘ strengths utilizing isokinetic measuring, and reported a lessening in strength in all the flexor and extensor musculus groups. Pedersen et al.10 obtained lower isokinetic homocentric torsion consequences compared to command topics on quantitative appraisal of dorsii ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exors. Inkster et al.11 observed that decreased strength at the hip muscles is an of import subscriber to the trouble in lifting from a chair among patients with PD. Finally, Nogaki et al.8,13 hypothesized that musculus failing in PD is likely to depend on motion speed. In contrast to the isokinetic ratings mentioned supra, there are some surveies in which quantitative isotonic and isometric musculus strengths have been evaluated.7,14,15 So far, there has been no survey in the literature that evaluated the isokinetic strength of the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations together. There are some limited surveies, nevertheless, that evaluated the musculus groups at different isokinetic speeds in the lower extremity13, every bit good as the correlativity between musculus strength, and clinical position and falls9 among patients with PD. In this survey, we evaluate the lower appendage flexor and extensor isokinetic musculus strength at the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations in patients with PD. We aim to happen out which musculus groups and motion speeds of the lower appendage are more greatly affected by the disease, and we seek to detect the relationship between musculus failing, and clinical position and falls. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Patients This survey was designed as a cross-sectional, controlled survey. The patients included in this work were from the outpatient clinics of the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Neurology Departments, and were diagnosed with PD harmonizing to the United Kingdom Parkinson ‘s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria.9 The survey was approved by the local ethical commission at the Inonu University School of Medicine and carried out in conformity with the rules in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all the participants. Twenty-five patients ( 17 males and 8 females ) were included in the survey. The average age of the patients was 62.1A ±10.3 ( with a scope of 42-81 ) old ages. All patients were at Hoehn A ; Yahr phase II or III, and were having intervention for PD. None of the patients had any serious orthopedic, neurological, vestibular, or ocular upset that could impact their musculus strength, and all of them could walk unsupported. Twenty-four healthy voluntaries ( 13 males and 11 females ) with no orthopedic, neurological, or other diseases constituted the control group, which was age-matched with the patient group. 2.2. Appraisals 2.2.1. The Unified Parkinson ‘s Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) and Hoehn A ; Yahr presenting Patients were assessed with the usage of the Unified Parkinson ‘s Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) portion II ‘activities of day-to-day populating ‘ ( UPDRS-ADL ) and portion III ‘motor scrutiny ‘ ( UPDRS-ME ) 16, and Hoehn A ; Yahr staging.17 2.2.2. Fall history We used a standard definition for autumn, which is â€Å" accidentally coming to rest on the land, floor, or other lower degree. â€Å" 18 For the interest of coherence with the definition, coming to rest against furniture or a wall was non accepted as a autumn. The figure of falls was determined utilizing self-reported autumn events during the past 6 months. 2.2.3. Isokinetic musculus strength Isokinetic musculus strength trials were administered in the forenoon before the patients took any medical specialty. Patients foremost warmed up for 10 proceedingss on a bike dynamometer with a burden of 1 W/kg. We used the Biodex System 3 Pro ( Biodex, Inc. , Shirley, NY, USA ) isokinetic ergometer for the isokinetic measurings. During the trials, the patients were stabilized with seat belts in order to supply joint stabilisation and to forestall them from falling off the trial chair. All trials were performed on both appendages. The isokinetic protocol consisted of trials at three angular motion speeds of 90, 120, and 150 degrees/sec at 10 revolutions per minute, with a 5-min remainder period between trials. We followed the same process for hip flexion-extension, knee flexion-extension, and ankle plantar/dorsiflexion. The articulatio genus and mortise joint trials were performed in a seated place, while a supine place was used to find hip flexure and extension strength. All trials were performed for homocentric musculus strength every bit good, where the maximal extremum torsion ( Nm ) was recorded at each angular velocity.9 2.3. Statistical analysis We used the SPSS 16.0 package for statistical rating of the trial consequences ( SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA ) . The normalcy for uninterrupted variables in groups was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk trial. We used Student ‘s t-test or Mann-Whitney U trial for comparings, whereas Spearman ‘s rank correlativity trial was used for analysis of informations. For correlativity analysis, the mean musculus strength was calculated at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular motion speeds over the entire values for the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle musculuss. A p value of less than 0.05 was taken as the degree of significance. 3. Consequences The descriptive features of the patient and control groups are presented in Table 1. It can be observed from the tabular array that there was no statistically important difference between the two groups in age, weight, and tallness. The average disease continuance was 5.6A ±3.9 ( with a scope of 1-15 ) old ages. Fifteen patients ( 60 % ) were in Hoehn A ; Yahr phase II, and 10 ( 40 % ) were in phase III. In the patient group, the UPDRS ME and ADL tonss were 26.3A ±12 and 8.9A ±5, severally. During the last 6 months, the figure of lumbermans in the patient group was 12 ( 48 % ) , compared to merely 4 ( 16.7 % ) in the control group ( P lt ; 0.05 ) . The mean figure of falls was found to be 0.9A ±1.1 in the patient group and 0.2A ±0.5 in the control group ( P lt ; 0.001 ) . The isokinetic musculus strength of the patient and control groups is shown in Table 2. At all speeds, the musculus strength of hip flexors ( P lt ; 0.01 ) and extensors ( P lt ; 0.05 ) was found to be significantly less in the patient group. Similarly, compared with the control group ( P lt ; 0.05 ) , we observed a important lessening in the musculus strength of articulatio genus flexors and extensors in the patient group, irrespective of the speed. Furthermore, the isokinetic extremum torsions of ankle plantar- and dorsiflexor musculuss exhibited significantly smaller values at certain motion speeds in the patient group ( P lt ; 0.05 ) . We observed a considerable relationship between musculus strength and figure of falls ( P lt ; 0.01 ) . The correlativity between musculus strength and Hoehn A ; Yahr phase was statistically important. There was besides a strong correlativity between musculus strength and all UPDRS tonss ( P lt ; 0.01 ) . However, there was no correlativity between musculus strength and disease continuance. 4. Discussion The lower appendage musculus strength is known to hold a outstanding consequence on mobility. So far, there have non been any surveies in the literature that evaluated the overall flexor and extensor musculus strength in the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations in patients with PD, although several surveies have evaluated the musculus strength in merely one or two articulations separately10,12,13. In this survey, we assessed musculus strength with an isokinetic ergometer in an effort to find which musculus groups were more greatly affected, and at which of the evaluated motion speeds, and to measure their correlativity with clinical position and falls. While many surveies have evaluated isokinetic musculus strength before ( off province ) and after ( on province ) medicine, we chose to prove all the patients in the forenoon after backdown of medicine ( off province ) . The chief ground for this pick is to govern out the effects of medicine while measuring the musculus fail ing that exists as portion of the nature of PD. The positive effects of antiparkinsonian agents on musculus strength have already been shown in many studies9,19 and are outside the range of this survey. Nallegowda et al.9 evaluated the isokinetic musculus strength at the bole, hip, and ankle flexor and extensor musculuss at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular speeds, which are the same as the 1s used in our survey. They found a important difference in all musculus groups between patients who did non take medicine and the healthy control group. In contrast, we evaluated the articulatio genus flexor and extensor musculus strength alternatively of the bole flexor and extensor musculus strength. As a consequence, we observed a important failing in all hip and articulatio genus musculuss at all evaluated speeds, every bit good as in mortise joint musculuss at some certain speeds. There was besides pronounced musculus failing in the hip flexors compared to the other musculus groups. Hip flexors are the major gas pedals in the swing stage of the gait.20 The trouble in gait induction in patients with PD may lend to the apparent failing of the hip flexors. However, Bartels et al.21 suggested that freeze of pace was non correlated with bradykinesia. Alternatively, ankle musculus strength is more of import in forestalling falls and for proper pace. Less terrible mortise joint musculus failing than the other musculus groups demonstrates the importance of other factors like proprioception. Zia et al.22 pointed out the damage of joint place sense in patients with PD. These consequences suggest the possibility of different underlying diseased mechanisms. Pedersen et al.10 evaluated the mortise joint dorsiflexor isokinetic musculus strength both concentrically and eccentrically, and found significantly lower values for the homocentric musculus strength at all motion speeds compared to the control group, while the bizarre musculus strength was different from the control group merely in male patients. Kakinuma et al.12 separated the topics into two groups harmonizing to their holding more- or less-affected appendage, and found that the isokinetic musculus strength decreased at both the slow and fast motion speeds during the early period of the disease. They besides observed that the difference in musculus strength between the more- and the less-affected appendages decreased in the advanced phase of the disease. Our survey and the surveies mentioned above 9,10,12 demonstrated no relation between the reduced musculus strength and the motion speeds. Nogaki et al.13 found a important lessening in the peak torsion of the isokinetic musculus strength compared to the less-affected appendage at high motion speeds but no difference between the two appendages at lower motion speeds. Therefore, the observation of increased musculus failing at higher motion speeds, which was proposed in the survey by Nogaki et al.13, is comparable with the determination in our survey. Although Corcos et al.23 indicated an asymmetric distribution of musculus failing, our survey has shown the common musculus failing in patients with PD to be similar to those found in the survey by Nallegowda et al.9 In some studies9,13, the importance of the cardinal consequence on musculus failing was emphasized, but the consequence of immobilisation was non considered in patients with PD. The effects of immobilisation on musculus failing should be noted, particularly in aged patients with PD. Assorted surveies reported the hazard of falling in those with PD to run from 38 to 70 % 2,4,9. Our consequences sing the per centum of patients who have suffered from falls were similar. There was a important relationship between falling and musculus strength, but we have non come across any surveies on the association of musculus strength with falls in patients with PD. Some authors24,25 have observed musculus failing at lower appendage as a hazard factor for falling. Therefore, the hazard of falling may be examined in connexion with lower appendage isokinetic musculus strength in patients with PD. We found a pronounced correlativity between musculus strength, and UPDRS ME and ADL tonss. Since the UPDRS ME and ADL tonss are related to clinical position, we had already expected to happen such correlativity between these parametric quantities and musculus strength. The UPDRS is a often used measuring for measuring the clinical state of affairs of patients with PD.26 Given the important correlativity between musculus strength and the UPDRS, isokinetic musculus strength may be used to measure clinical position of patients. Disease patterned advance in PD was evaluated utilizing Hoehn A ; Yahr presenting. Increased disease badness ( a†°?stage III ) leads to more pronounced locomotor system abnormality.27 Most of our patients were in Hoehn A ; Yahr phase II. As can be seen in Table 3, there appeared a important correlativity between isokinetic musculus strength and Hoehn A ; Yahr phase. Muscle failing in our patients was non outstanding, as they were at an early phase of PD. It seems musculus failing is related to clinical badness instead than disease continuance. The chief restrictions of our survey are the unequal figure of patients and the absence of lower speeds, such as 60 degrees/sec, at which isokinetic musculus strength could be evaluated. In drumhead, we found a important lessening in bilateral hip, articulatio genus, and ankle flexor and extensor isokinetic musculus strength, which was particularly outstanding in the hip muscles at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular motion speeds. In add-on, we detected a relationship between disease badness and musculus failing. Furthermore, a important correlativity was besides present between musculus strength, and UPDRS ME and ADL tonss. Finally, there was a pronounced association between musculus strength and figure of falls. 5. Decisions Taking the consequences of our survey into consideration, we have shown that although musculus strength decreased in the lower appendage, particularly in the hip and articulatio genus, musculus failing was non associated with the speeds at which it was evaluated in this survey. We have demonstrated that the rating of musculus failing degree may be a utile tool for the appraisal of clinical badness and autumn hazard in patients with PD. It should be noted, nevertheless, that conflicting old consequences and the deficiency of specific criterions necessitate farther surveies. Recognition The writers would wish to thank Associate Professor Saim Yologlu ( Department of Statistics, Inonu University School of Medicine ) for his sort part to this survey. How to cite Isokinetic Muscle Strength In Patients Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Competition and Regulation in Network Industries †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Competition and Regulation in Network Industries. Answer: Introduction Work Centred Analysis or WCA is done to understand the proper working of the real systems in a business process. This method has been developed through numerous iterations to structure a framework that analyses the working structure of a business process. The entire business process works of structured frameworks that comprises of six elements. These are the business process, services and products generated by the business process, the participants in the business process, internal and external customers of the business process, information generated as a result of the process and the technology involved in the process (Naikar 2016). The following report would analyse and compare the business process of the Australia Post using this framework before and after the implementation of digital disruption event. This analysis would include the WCA of Australia post with the retrospective analysis and the assumptions done due to lack of relevant information. Next it would analyse the goals and challenges associated with the case followed by recommendations along with implementation plans based on the recommendations. The working structure of Australia Post has aided the entire Australian population with iconic postal services. It is one of the oldest postal services in Australia providing the entire Australia for over 200 years. Australia Post has total workforce strength of about 50,000 people serving through the entire Australia starting from the common people to huge business organizations. The entire working structure of the Australia Post is a complex structure. It works through 4,417 retail outlets out of which 2,560 have been placed at rural areas (Lgreid 2017). Of these, nearly two thirds of the outlets are owned by private sectors and belong to licensed post offices. However, the usual system of the business pillar in transferring letters is being slowly obsolete due to the latest advancement of technology. This has formed a major setback for the industry and services of Australia Post. The traditional framework for the industrial setup of Australia Post depended on the basic technology of delivering letters and posts to the Australian population with focus on the modulation and synchronization. There have been considerable rise in the amount of letters mailed in by the Australian people till the time of Australia Posts inception. It has also been found that the GDP alignment have given rise to the traditional postal services and mail volumes. However, the entire system has faced a major setback between the years of 2008 to 2009 and from 2014 to 2014 with declination in mail volumes by 25 percent (White et al. 2016). This intercept has forced the Australia Post organization to face a reduction in mail volumes by 4.5 billion items (White et al. 2016). This has forced the Australia Post to face a huge loss in economy by 151 million AUD and was suspected that it would increase by 300 million AUD in future (White et al. 2016). Problem identification from the case The problem identification of the case would include the WCA for Australia Post with respect to the company structure before and after the implementation of the digital disruption in the organization. This would follow the WCA of Australia Post referring to the structure below with the assumption due to lack of relevant information and goals associated with the case: The business process: The assumptions and the retrospections clearly focuses on the idea that the latest technology change could easily create a havoc into the Australian Post business unless the organization adapts to the latest technology and embraces the idea of digital disruption. Therefore, it is necessary that the digital disruption be adapted by Australia Post to sustain the entire business process of the organization. Assuming that this digital disruption would affect the business for Australian Post in a negative way, it could also be said that the business for the retail industries would be affected to an extent that due to economic crunch the number of retail outlets gets reduced (Cape and Groves 2017). Services and products: The products and services that the company provided before were weak in terms of the technological advancement that occurred as a result of the digital disruption. These were the letters and parcels that are gradually becoming obsolete as a service to be provided. The participants: A part of the workforce could even think of an employment change due to the failure of adapting to the latest technology. The people that Australia Post has been serving to had also started changing its priorities and gradually have been shifting to the latest technology advancements. This does not only involve the big organizations but also the people in general. Internal and external customers: The internal customers are the stakeholders in the company that are directly involved with the operations of the company and the external customers are the general population of Australia who uses the services provided by the company. Due to the changes in the technology, the internal and external customers are most likely to be influenced into changing their priorities to technologically advanced services. Information generated as a result of the process: The raw material that formed the base of the entire business for Australia post to generate the information system from one place to another with precision and integration is hampered in the first place due to the technology adaptations for electronic mail. Technology involved in the process: The assumptions that could be made based on the work centred analysis of Australia Post could be based on discretion rather than on relevant available information. The latest technology advancement has given the opportunity to assume that the services provided by Australia post can slowly become obsolete and stop functioning ending the functions for the organizations that have been in vogue since the past 200 odd years (Georgakis and Molloy 2016). Goals associated with the case Australia Post has been associated with the leading indicator for GDP. Since the GDP rise, there has been a considerable rise of the production of Australia Post, in terms of production as well as propagation (Babb 2015). Parcel business had seen a considerable rise by triples during that time. However, after the implementation of the digital disruption across the entire globe there has been a fall in the business of the Australia Post. The e-commerce business has turned Australia post from a letter monopoly to a measly organization that has come down to importing parcels and letters all over Australia. The digital disruption have also made the organizations realise that the primary competition do not arise from the competitors but actually due to the advancement of the technology from letters to emails (Jaag and Finger 2017). The organizational changes therefore must adapt to the digital diversities to not fall vulnerable to being obsolete as a service in the market. Below are the g oals that after the Digital Disruption event Australia post have implemented to stay put to the race in keeping its previous monopoly structure (Cameron 2015). These are: Pursuing new ventures and opportunities like merging with the electronic mail world and other technologically advanced retail businesses Implementing tangible platform in the organization through the retail network Implementing the newest technology beyond the elaborate websites and mobile apps to transform the customer experience Building digital capability by providing support Investing in new business opportunities Challenges associated with the case The most challenging outcome of the digital disruption in the organization of Australia Post is the business obligations imposed by the transformation of the digital world. The most challenging factor about embracing the changes in the digital world is the transformation of the entire business from being analytical to digital, with the implementation of digital technologies as a forefront of strategies (Cameron 2015). The three challenges that the Australia Post faces most vigorously is the compulsion during the adaptation of the organization to innovate according to the digital disruption, co-creation of the products and the disruption interpretation. This means that the organization should be going beyond websites that are elaborate in nature and the mobile apps. Implementing the digital functionalities resource the pursuing initiatives to help in the true transformation of the customer experience. This is used for building digital capability through the support investment in new b usiness opportunities (Alberti-Alhtaybat, Al-Htaybat and Hutaibat 2017). Australia Post must have a concrete platform and the opportunity of applying effectively of its retail network. The challenges faced as a result ofdigital disruption by this established mail businesshas been such that without significant business rearrangement, the entire organization of Australia Post could incur a loss of 6.8 billion AUD within a span of 10 years, incurring huge losses in the mail business shifting up to 12.3 billion AUD (Berman and Marshall 2014). The governments equity in Australia Post would quickly be destroyed, which is currently at a range of 1.7 billion AUD (Bughin 2017). Therefore, these are the challenges that are being faced by the organization after the latest Digital Disruption event. As per the case study, it can be recommended that the organization could transform its operations as the hubs for digital communication, which specializes in sales and marketing of services and products that are digitally enabled. As an instance it could be said that, these hubs has the ability to provide digital access and services to people who are unable to digitally access the communication services and devices for various obligations. Australia Post can also actively pursue new opportunities in the mail business by implementing the digital media such as, MyPost, but these initiatives has still a lot to prove as an innovative process in customer service witnessed in banks and other technology-intensive retail businesses. Furthermore, it is recommended that the postal outlets that are opted for provide as hubsfor innovation forming a center for the business structure, as well as its development and testing with new ideas for communication through the digital media. These ideas happen to make use for application and adoption in nearby areas. Australia Post has an ability to put into practice the technology start-ups by giving access to its digital distribution and communication platforms, which is absolutely necessary for prototype development as well as introducing products to market. Conclusions Therefore, it can be concluded from the above case study report for the digital disruption effect on Australia Post that the event had affected the organization in many ways. This is again explained in the report in two ways. The first part describes about the retrospective analysis of the organization before the implementation of the digital disruption and the next part explains about the plight of the organization after the implementation. The first part describes that the organization Australia Post had a monopoly over the market with letter and mail distribution and during GDP the sales have been soaring high earning a huge amount of revenue. This is again been analysed with added assumptions since there were no available relevant information. The next part clears the organization goals and challenges after the digital disruption event when Australia Post was about to implement the technological transformation into the organizational structure. Finally, it could be said that the organization of Australia Post could have been obsolete as a business organization from being a monopoly if it did not adapt to the technological change that have evolved due to the digital disruption event. Reference Alberti-Alhtaybat, L.V., Al-Htaybat, K. and Hutaibat, K., 2017. A knowledge management and sharing business model for dealing with disruption: The case of Aramex.Journal of Business Research. Babb, J., 2015. National affairs: Can Australia Post be saved?.News Weekly, (2945), p.10. Berman, S. and Marshall, A., 2014. The next digital transformation: from an individual-centered to an everyone-to-everyone economy.Strategy Leadership,42(5), pp.9-17. Bughin, J., 2017. The best response to digital disruption. MIT Sloan Management Review,58(4). Cameron, N., 2015. Bridging the digital divide at Australia Post.CIO, (Spring 2015), p.45. Cameron, N., 2015. Making new friends. CIO, (Spring 2015), p.6. Cape, S. and Groves, P., 2017. Changes to the Universal Service: Influencing Factors, Impacts and Regulatory Implications. InThe Changing Postal and Delivery Sector(pp. 257-269). Springer, Cham. Georgakis, S. and Molloy, S., 2016. From old soccer to new football? Expert accounts of transformations on the world game in Australia post-Crawford Report.Soccer Society,17(1), pp.72-89. Jaag, C. and Finger, M., 2017. What future for the post office network?.Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, p.1783591717741789. Lgreid, P., 2017. Transcending new public management: the transformation of public sector reforms. Routledge. Naikar, N., 2016.Work domain analysis: Concepts, guidelines, and cases. CRC Press. White, T., Evans, J., Williamson, I.O. and Gillies, E., 2016, January. Leveraging opportunities from digital disruption: A shared value approach at Australia Post. InAcademy of Management Proceedings. Academy of Management Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510.