Data Protection Laws - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1064 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Information Essay Did you like this example? Introduction (Suggestion only) Data means information which is being processed by automatically operating equipment in response to instructions given for a particular purpose. Data is also a part of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“relevant filling systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Data is recorded with the intention that it should be processed by means of such equipment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Data Protection Laws" essay for you Create order Data also is recorded information held by public authority. There are few other definitions on data which are data subject which means that any living individual who is the subject of personal data. Data user, the person who process or has control over or authorizes the processing of personal data. Data controller is those registered corporate body. Identification number Personal Data means any personal information in respect of commercial transactions, it relates directly or indirectly to a data subject. Besides, personal data includes sensitive personal data physical or mental health, political opinions, religious beliefs, offences or any other data as the Minister may determine. In a different view, personal data means data relating to a living individual who is or can be identified either from the data or from the data in conjunction with other information that is in, or is likely to come into, the possession of the data controller. Personal data are valuable to entities in profiling customer, direct marketing, and also for the purpose of fraudulent transactions. Personal data many be in any form like: Name Passport Phone number Photos Fingerprints DNA Social page Personal information It is important to note that, where the ability to identify an individual depends partly on the data held and partly on other information (not necessarily data), the data held will still be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Expression of opinion about the personal data shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person or data Subject, an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his physical, physiological, mental, economic, cultural or social identity. The definition can be deliberately a very broad one. In principle, it covers any information that relates to an identifiable, living individual. However, it needs to be borne in mind that data may become personal from information that could likely come into the possession of a data controller. There are different ways in which an individual can be considered identifiable. A persons full name is an obvious likely identifier. But a person can also be identifiable from other information, including a combination of identification elements such as physical characteristics, pseudonyms occupation and address. Sensitive Personal Data refers to any personal data consisting of information as to: specifically to racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, trade union membership, physical or mental health condition of a data subject, sex life, criminal convictions any other personal data determined by the Minister. The presumption is that, because information about these matters could be used in a discriminatory way, and is likely to be of a private nature, it needs to be treated with greater care than other personal data. In particular, if you are processing sensitive personal data you must satisfy one or more of theconditions for processingwhich apply specifically to such data, as well as one of the general conditions which apply in every case. The nature of the data is also a factor in deciding what security is appropriate. The categories of sensitive personal data are broadly drawn so that, for example, information that someone has a broken leg is classed as sensitive personal data, even though such information is relatively matter of fact and obvious to anyone seeing the individual concerned with their leg in plaster and using crutches. Clearly, details about an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s mental health, for example, are generally much more à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  t han whether they have a broken leg. Many individuals choose to make their political allegiance public, for example by wearing badges or rosettes or by putting a sticker in their window. There is acondition for processing sensitive personal datathat covers information made public by the individual concerned. Religion or ethnicity, or both, can often be inferred with varying degrees of certainty from dress or name. For example, many surnames are associated with a particular ethnicity or religion, or both, and may indicate the ethnicity and religion of the individuals concerned. However, it would be absurd to treat all such names as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sensitive personal dataà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which would mean that to hold such names on customer databases you had to satisfy a condition for processing sensitive personal data. Nevertheless, if you processed such names specifically because they indicated ethnicity or religion, for example to send marketing materials for products and servi ces targeted at individuals of that ethnicity or religion, then you would be processing sensitive personal data. In any event, you must take care when making assumptions about individuals as you could be collecting inaccurate personal data. Various Roles Pertaining to Personal Data Protection Since computing power became a commercial reality, the value of data, especially in bulk, has escalated exponentially. Data today is a valuable asset on par with, and in some cases, far exceeding, hardware. With valuable data so easily transferable in this day and age, governments around the world have been compelled to move to protect individuals from the misuse or abuse of their personal information, especially from commercial exploitation. This is true also of ASEAN. In the first quarter of 2012, ASEAN was the most active region in the world for privacy developments. In keeping with global trends, ASEAN governments have begun to promulgate legislation in their respective countri es to protect the personal information. Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines have all introduced laws to protect data, in particular, personal data. These laws have consequences beyond the boundaries of the individual countries as they also cover the transmission or export of personal data obtained within those countries. Knowledge of what can or cannot be done is crucial to avoid the extensive penalties imposed for breaches of the statutorily imposed duties. These front-runners and other ASEAN countries had previously all agreed to develop best practices and guidelines on data protection by 2015 as part of their commitment to establish an integrated ASEAN Economic Community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the AEC à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" by 2015. The indicators are clear. Data protection regulation in the region will increase in coming years. The ability to keep up with these changes may make à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" or break à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" business enterprises with regional ambitions.

Analyzing The Pros And Cons Of The Following Options

3. Provide a detailed analysis of the pros and cons of the following options a. Monitor forms a company-owned research division in India Pros Develop knowledge center in fast-growing emerging economy. Opening a knowledge center in India allows Monitor to gain a foothold in what is sure to be a significant economic contributor to the world economy in the coming years. Although the economy has slowed down recently, and the on-going problems of political corruption and poor infrastructure make business in India challenging, the long-term pull of a country with over 1/7 of the world’s population is sure to remain. Developing this knowledge center gives Monitor the opportunity to continue to grow its presence in the region and participate†¦show more content†¦Acquire the leveraged economics of thought leadership. The unique model of thought leadership would allow Monitor to develop research papers or models that it could resell to multiple clients. This dynamic produces far better economics than the selling-human-hours model as it is more profitable on a scaled basis. Since Monitor already has a well-estab lished base of clients with its consulting relationship, developing intellectual property it could sell to those clients and use to build out its client rolodex will serve to improve the notoriety of the firm. In addition to the profitability this model provides, it gives the firm a reputation for being a thought leader in the industry and could increase client pull if executed successfully. Cons Dilutes brand with possibly inferior work product. The downside to acquiring talent in an emerging economy is that in many cases that talent may not be able to product a work product that is on-par with expectations in countries where your client-base operations. While measures can be taken to improve quality ( increasing the number of employees + hiring only the top talent ), these measures will only serve to increase the costs of operating in this environment and undermine the primary driver for entering the country. Further, obtaining the right mix of cost and quality will require significant managerial oversight, which the firm may not have the bandwidth to provide. Profitability gains may not be achieved due toShow MoreRelatedEducation Standards: Common Core 786 Words   |  3 Pagesthat they are learning. The Common Core should not be instigated because it compels teachers and students to change their learning and teaching methods which could have a major influence on their education. There are countless pros and cons to the Common Core. The following paragraphs will outline both sides. 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The Impact of Mass Media Free Essays

President Abraham Lincoln delivered his infamous Gettysburg address dedicating the Soldiers National Cemetery at Gettysburg on November 19th, 1863. It was estimated 10,000 people attended the ceremony to observe the speech live and it was days before the message was read about in print. President Barrack Obama delivered his live State of the Union Address last January to an estimated 30 million television viewers at home while another 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Mass Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 million watched it online and it was only minutes after the speech was done that people were able to read about it in print. Mass media is printed and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences. In the 21st Century United States, mass media products range from traditional newspapers and magazines, to radio, television, and internet. The internet has brought a whole new era of instant information to the media utilizing online social networks and live news outlets. In 150 years this Nation has gone from actually being on site to view something live to the ability to watch events live from the comfort of our own home. Where will we be in another 150 years? Although instant media is most times unfiltered, mass media has grown because of advanced technological means offering instant global reach while greatly influencing social changes. The Functionalism of Mass Media The functionalist perspective emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain stability (Schaefer, 2009). So what is the purpose of the media? Mass media plays important roles in our everyday life. In addition to providing entertainment, news, and education, media products are also used to socialize and market. As a daily routine, many people today make use of mass media tools for various reasons such as socializing, gathering data, sharing information, and even escape. Television is a source of media that has a strong effect on society today. It is important to look at the influence of television because an average American who subscribe to cable TV watches over eight hours of television a day (Guillen, 2005). The medium of film is particularly suited to representing multiple perspectives through its ability to convey subjective experience. Film is also a medium with rich resources for conveying the sights, sounds, rhythms, and auras of a particular space and time, or what is called â€Å"chronoscopes†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, â€Å"time-space articulations, characteristic of particular, historically determined conceptions of the relations between the human, the social and the natural world†. Further, the film medium is also well equipped to represent the multiscape complexity of globalization with its flows and disjuncture’s (Manning, et al. , 2010) The media increases social cohesion by presenting a common, more or less standardized, view of culture through mass communication (Schaefer, 2009). I believe we could all agree mass media provides valuable information which each individual uses for work or personal reasons. For example, many folks will watch the news on television or seek information via the internet daily to stay abreast of current events. As this paper is being written, a devastating earthquake and Tsunami recently struck Japan and now the country is trying to avert nuclear disaster. There is risk of nuclear power plants exploding and on the verge of meltdown. This in no way compares to the 9/11 attacks, but as fellow humans we are genuinely concerned for the well being of our neighbors to the Far East. Significant sporting events or sports entertainment such as the Olympics or the Superbowl are media tools used as a reason for people to gather and socialize with family and friends. The advertising moguls know this and also use these mass media events to market their products to millions of consumers. With the explosion of the internet and its global instant reach, new virtual societies have formed using websites such Skype, Twitter, and Facebook. These online tools are communities of people from all over the world meeting, make new friends, or catching up with old friends and family too in a web based portal. More and more people are beginning to live in a virtual reality world. While the privacy of these communities is often times criticized, the benefits of such media greatly increases social interaction. This theory also relays the message that the media is an enforcer of social norms (Schaefer, 2009). The mass media broadcasts information and television shows which reinforce social norms by pointing out the events that violate mores and folkways such as crimes and substance abuse. By doing this and not glorifying criminal behavior, the mass media can publicly emphasize the proper behaviors or formal norms to countless people. The Conflict with Mass Media Conflict theorists view the mass media as a means to reinforce divisions within a society which differs from the functionalist theory that mass media is used as a tool for social cohesion. Functionalist and conflict theorists would agree the mass media provides information, entertainment, and social outlets but where it differs is how much is provided and who decides what is transmitted (Schaefer, 2009). Gatekeeping is the process where material passes through a series of checkpoints before it reaches the audience. The media industry is funded by major businesses whose interests are the desire to maximize profits (Schaefer, 2009) and are shaped by these businesses’ agendas as well as the desires of the small group of individuals who control what eventually reaches the viewers. The community and the filmmakers have different expectations regarding content and control (Coffman, 2009) too. Quite often, the media is structured in such a way that certain minority interests or groups are simply neglected or used as stereotypes in television. The news inaccurately covers its communities by having most of its stories about violence. A University of Miami study of local television news found that the time devoted to crime varied between 23 to 50 percent even though violent crime in the city remained constant, involving less than one tenth of one percent of the population (Guillen, 2005). Often times one can watch the local evening news and hear more stories of violence in other parts of the Nation as well as other countries over good human interest stories in their local community. Technological advances of mass media products and communications offers many the opportunities for instant information, but not everyone gets to enjoy this though. There is a digital divide within the U. S. and especially global when compared to the U. S. How big is the â€Å"global digital divide†? Less than 10 percent of the world’s population uses the Internet. Statistics compiled by the International Telecommunication Union as of the end of 2002 indicate that Internet use as a proportion of the population ranges from less than one percent in many underdeveloped African, Central American, and South Asian countries to between 50 and 60 percent in Iceland, the United States, Scandinavia, Singapore or South Korea (Guillen, 2005). Because of these statistics, Americans are at risk of ethnocentrism if we don’t take this into account when associating with developing nations. Another area where Americas are at risk of being ethnocentric is when we overstress U. S. dominance (Schaefer, 2009) in the mass media. The Interactionism of Mass Media Interactionists generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. Our social behavior is conditioned by the roles and statuses we accept, the groups to which we belong, and the institution we belong to (Schaefer, 2009). This theory is similar to the other theories in that the media is a major source of daily activity. It is very similar to the funtionalist perspective in that it supports face to face interactions within society. This theory differs with the conflict theory where the interactionist looks for shared understandings; conflict theorists emphasize the differences of opinion or the struggle and the divisions within a society. Advances in technology probably play the biggest role within the Interactionism theory. The rise of the internet has facilitated new forms of communication and social interaction (Schaefer, 2009). One the internet alone, there are sites like Facebook that have gone global that fully supports social interaction. Another site like YouTube is another area where anyone can post a video of just about anything. The danger of the above mentioned sites is there is little control to what is put onto these sites. Children who are exploring the net or have little to no parental supervision could end up seeing much more than what a social norm would expect. The internet is the exception to centralization and concentration on media. Interactionists see a change in the way people share media and how they get their news versus their interest in it. Why wait for the evening news or even for breaking news on CNN, when Yahoo and Google are at your fingertips? (Schaefer, 2009). The internet is readily available for the user and is also the only media outlet that allows the average person to get an audience of millions if a post, or most likely a video, goes viral. According to hyperdictionary. com, a viral video is a video clip that achieves widespread distribution through online sharing. Interactionists play close attention to the use of symbols (Schaefer, 2009). Political leaders and entertainment figures use the media to control their images as symbols through public appearances called photo opportunities or â€Å"photo ops. † The underlying approach to a photo op is to pose the candidate (or the actor) with symbols of appealing values, in the hope that viewers will equate the two. In beer commercials these values can include the friendship symbolized by a welcoming group of guys in a bar. For a political candidate, the values could include patriotism or people where there’s a candidate speaking with a U. S. flag as the backdrop or with his family or citizens of the community. Some movies engage their audience with alternative products to market the premiere or to promote continual interest in the movie. For example, the Shrek series construct global audiences as â€Å"communities† of consumers who are able to participate in a film by purchasing the many products placed throughout or by playing the computer games and visiting the Web sites developed as part of the â€Å"multimarket commercial intertext† of a given film (Manning, et al. , 2010). The Mass Media Providers Viewpoint. Media moguls and Webmasters perspective on the functionalist view of mass media is that it is a business, a big business. Large sums of money are generated by advertising on television, websites, magazines, etc. While maximizing profits (Schaefer, 2009) may be the foregoing reason for the mass media from the individuals who are a part of the institution, I believe there are other roles the media providers take on too. Because of the global instant reach of today’s media, activists or humanitarians use the tools to get messages out to the public quickly. Using the earlier example of the Tsunami that hit Japan, how fast did we see Red Cross commercials, texting 90999 to make an instant $10 donation to the relief effort? The conflict viewpoint from the media providers is that it is a tight competition for scarce resources and the old way of doing business is gone. Many local newspaper circulations have closed shop do to in your face current events television programs. Additionally, with so many providers on the market and the advent of pay television and radio, the marketing dollar is dwindling. For example, like many other consumers, I subscribe to XMSirius satellite radio because I loathe the promotion of consumption all the time. So, the satellite radio company is making the â€Å"advertising† dollar vice the media mogul. The interactionist view from the media providers is this perspective is the one that helps us understand one most important aspect of the mass media system – the audience (Schaefer, 2009). The media giants know they would be washed up without the consumer. The interactionists have ways to keep the audience involved in the programming. Some example of how the audience participate in the programming are the reality completion shows like American Idol, Survivor, Dances with the Stars, to name a few. Viewers have the opportunity to vote for their favorite player. The Mass Media and Social Change Social lives have changed tremendously with the introduction of mass media into lives. An example of how media coverage can be functional, contrasting, and interactive can be seen in the reporting of the protests surrounding the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Catherine Luther and Mark Miller analyzed pro-war and anti-war coverage in eight US newspapers and showed how reporters were more likely to use illegitimate cues when referring to anti-war protestors, while using legitimate cues to refer to pro-war campaigners (Barker, 2008). Americans are either for or against the war and turn to the media for information. Differences of opinion are a valid way to gain insight into a society or cause. Lastly, the power of the media will generate interest to get people to come out and support. The View from the Audience The mass media are distinguished from other social institutions by the necessary presence of an audience (Schaefer 2009). Without an audience, media products would cease to exist. The functionalism perspective from the audience is most anything you want or need can be accessed, purchased, researched, and you can even merge types of media into one source. The conflict with today’s mass media is the unfiltered aspect meaning the freedom of press versus protecting our children from some of the bad things seen on the media outlets. Another conflict the audience has with mass media is members of an audience do not all interpret media in the same way. Often their response is influenced by their social characteristics such as occupation, race, education, and income (Schaefer, 2009). Interactionist view on social interaction in today’s media product offer more freedom of broadcasting and less freedom to censor. Conclusion The media has had a huge impact on society over the last two to three decades with the significant advances in technology. Although instant media is most times unfiltered, mass media has grown because of advanced technological means offering instant global reach while greatly influencing social changes. Viewers have instant news, entertainment, and socializing opportunities via many different types of media tools. From the functionalist view, and the interactionist, the mass media’s biggest change has come with the introduction of the internet. The contrast to the movement of socialization and instant information is the increased freedom of information that is shared throughout the media tools and the risk of unfiltered information to certain viewers. How to cite The Impact of Mass Media, Papers